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Colorectal cancer


The colon is also called the large intestine. The colon is in the lower part of the abdomen. Rectum is the last part of the colon and its main function is to store fecal matter until when it is expelled.  The main function of the colon is water and nutrient absorption.


Cells mostly affected

The colon and the rectum are lined with mucus secreting cells. Mucus protects the lining of the colon from erosion. These cells are usually mostly affected. Cancer that affects mucus secreting cells is called adenocarcinoma. Polyp growth usually and mostly precede colorectal cancer. Early excision of polyps helps reduce incidences of colorectal cancer.

Symptom of Colon Cancer includes :
  • Diarrhea
  • Weakness or fatigue
  • Anemia
  • Narrow stools
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  • Constipation
  • Pain, cramps, or gas in the abdomen
  • Pain during bowel movements
  • Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Changes in stool consistency

How red meat causes colorectal cancer

Red meat is any meat derived from all mammalian muscles e.g goats and cattle. Meat consists of several components which include haem which is a form of iron. Meat is usually processed in order to improve its preservation. Meat processing include, smoking, fermentation and salting. Hot dogs and sausages amongst other products are usually the end products of processed meat. During processing, meat comes in contact with hot surfaces and flames. This produces complex chemicals including heterocyclic aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons both of which are carcinogenic and are also found in air pollution. Although there is limited evidence to this fact, epidemiological studies have shown a strong relationship between consumption of processed red meat and colorectal cancer. Red meat was classified as Group 2A probably carcinogenic to humans by IARC (international advisory committee)

Diagnosis

Colonoscopy – this is where a flexible tube with a light source and camera is inserted into the rectum to enable an examiner visualize the rectum.

Biopsy – this involves removing small piece of tissue for examination under a microscope for cancer cells. This is the only definitive diagnosis for colorectal cancer. A tissue sample can be taken during colonoscopy.

Blood test – including complete blood counts to check for anemia when cancer bleeds.

Computer tomography – provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body which help in diagnosis as one can visualize tumors.

Ultrasound – can be used to check for tumors.

Other diagnostic procedures include chest x-rays to check for metastasis and positron emission tomography scan (PET)

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